Conversation Essay

Date Conversations We use interpersonal communication every day in our live. There are three types of communication model, linear, interactive, and transactional communication. Each type of communication model has their strength and weakness. Linear communication is simple and straightforward but it does not totally describe what you wanted to say because it is a one way communication and short. Interactive communication can captures a variety of communication forms but less active and not much of collaborative in both party to interpret meanings because it neglects the active role in senders and receivers.Transactional communication gives you time to collaborates and to captures what most people thinks, mostly face to face communication, and this model enable both party to constantly exchange nonverbal and verbal messages. Interpersonal communication is an important tool to learns and to builds up your communication skill because they are essential to an interpersonal relationship. It is difficult to build a relationship with someone if interpersonal communication skill is poor. Interpersonal communication helps us recognize concepts and awareness that influences our thoughts, emotion and behaviors in a relationship.I remembered of my first date with Talia, our conversation it was not as smooth or friendly. We were partner up by our instructor, not by our free will, and this created a barrier between at first; especially that we are both old types person that came from different culture, ethnic and have different ethics. They say first impression is very important when you approach someone because interpersonal communication is irreversible, so I was very cautious or self-aware when I interacted with Talia. Mostly we started out the conversation with a question, and then each of us takes turns to response to the question.Half way through the conversation, I noticed that we used fewer questions to start out a new conversation, and we go to straight to the subje cts. Our different ethnic’s background intertwined our ethics which influenced our behaviors during the conversation, but we had good eyes contact and body gestures. Knowing my partner’s background, and culture made the conversation more interesting and dynamic. We had our third conversation date was failed because we set the time up already but I was unable to pick up the phone at work.During the time Talia gave me a call suddenly the customer came to eat and I was busy at that time. Normally, at the time we set up my uncle restaurant was not busy but I do not why this time so busy. I missed the conversation appointment with Talia. I know this is my false. After I received her massage I tried to give her a call back but she did not pick up the phone either. And then I try text her message but the result I got from her was busy too. I know we all busy because we have many thing to take care.But any way we were failed on third conversation, I know that each person has t o responsibility with the first thing we have to deal with. Interpersonal communication skill is essential to interpersonal relationship. It helps us understand and recognizes concepts to build a better relationship, whether it’s for business, friendship, or romantic relationship. Understand interpersonal communication helps you prevent or dealing with dysfunctional relationship, and builds better social networks around you. I believed this skill also helps build your self-esteem, openness, maintaining relationship and a well-being life.

Mary Warren

————————————————- How does Miller present the character of Mary Warren in The Crucible? Arthur Miller Shows Mary Warren in different limelight’s of power. At the beginning of the play there is an aspect of her having no power but as you go through the play there seems to be shifts in her power. Miller uses Mary to demonstrate young, single women’s power and how when you have so much power it can just slip right out of your hands in one brief moment.Miller shows that power can be taken away pretty easily and quite absentmindedly from Mary Warren’s character. He demonstrates this by making her young and single and setting the scene to a subservient, naive girl. This makes her prepared to answer and obey others unquestioningly and serving as a means to an end. In Act 1, Mary has a conversation with Abigail about the dancing. ‘I never done any of it, Abby. I only looked. ’ This shows us that she lacks the confidence to get involved, making us see that Miller is trying to present a very timid, scared girl.Marys fear is also shown through this dialogue. A sense of her having no power is shown through Millers use of stage direction. ‘(Enter Proctor. On seeing him Mary jumps in fright)’. Miller is trying to illustrate the lack of confidence and courage she has to stand up to him. This is also a remark of the amount of importance he has upon her. This is also shown in dialogue. ‘I forbid you to leave the house’. In these quotes Miller shows that young, single women have very little to no power and importance in Salem at this time.By Act 2 Mary Warrens character develops, so much so that Elizabeth is starting to fear her, ‘She frightened all my strengths away. ’ This shows that Miller is making Mary stronger and more confidence that other characters have to talk about her behind her back. Even though Proctor still believes she is a ‘mouse’ and still sees her as that, Elizabeth says ‘It is a mouse no more. ’ Miller makes the other character see that there has been a spark switch on in Marys head. All this is shown through the dialogue of the other characters on the stage at this time.Miller uses other characters to illustrate how Mary’s character has changed over a little while. At the end of act two there is an immediate power shift between Proctor and Mary. This is when Mary tells Proctor ‘I saved her life today’. ‘Her’ meaning Elizabeth, when Mary shares this with Proctor, he lowers the whip. The power shift is symbolised with this exact moment, Miller shows this moment through a stage direction. Then Marys dialogue after the power shift shows a side of Mary that we have never seen before, this is where she finally decides to stand up for herself.Miller shows her frustration at her lack of power and her lac k of freedom that she is missing out on in a stage direction and her dialogue. ‘(with a stamp of her foot): I’ll not be ordered to bed no more, Mr Proctor! I am eighteen and a woman, however single. ’ In this quote Miller presents a respectful lady, however angry, who knows her authorities around the Proctors but still thinks that she has some say in what she does in her life. Miller also shows a depth to Mary’s character through her dialogue.In Act 3, Mary has reverted to her timid self like we saw in Act 1, this is shown through her silence and through Proctor speaking for her. In this part Miller tries to make her the weakest character in this Act through stage directions such as ‘(Mary is keeping her eyes to the ground)’ At the end of Act 3, Proctor threatens Mary in to telling the judges that Elizabeth did and is not using witchcraft and accusing Abigail of using it instead. This is effective because Proctor use his tender side for most o f this Act ‘(He lifts Mary’s chin. ) You cannot weep, Mary. Remember the angel, what he says to the boy. But at the last minute Proctor turns on his threatening side and turns on Mary to help him. This is just like at the end of Act 2 when he decides to turn on Mary, there is a strong correlation between Mary’s power and her importance. Abigail also starts to threaten Mary in to accusing Proctor of using witchcraft and not to listen to Proctor no more by pretending that Mary is using witchcraft. ‘(backing further, eyes still fixed above): Mary, please don’t hurt me! ’ Miller tries to show in this part that Mary is powerless by using Abigail’s dialogue to portray this.

Nike Cost of Capital Essay

Kimi Ford a portfolio manager at NorthPoint Group which is a mutual-fund management firm, is considering to buy some shares from Nike, inc even if it’s share price had declined from the beginning of the year, for the Northpoint Large-cap fund she managed which invested mostly in Fortune 500 companies and it was doing well despite the decline in the stock market over the last 18 months. Kimi therefore surveyed the results of Nike’s fiscal-year 2001which had been revealed a week earlier. Issues that caused a decline in market sales as revealed by the management of Nike 1. Revenues since 1997 had stopped growing but remained around $9. 0 billion. 2. The net income had fallen from $800m to $580m a decline of $220 million. 3. Nike’s market share in the U. S. athletic shoe industry had fallen from 48 percent in 1997 to 42 percent in 2000 (6% decline) 4. The issue of Supply-chain and strong dollar exchange rate also affected the revenue negatively. Nike’s Strategic plan to address the above issues 1. Increase revenues by developing more athletic-shoe products in the mid-priced range. 2. Push its apparel line which had performed tremendously well. 3. Exert more expense control on the cost side. 4. Nike’s executives expressed their interest to continue with the long-term revenue growth target of 8 to 10 percent and earnings-growth targets of above 15 percent. Although the management presented its plan to improve on its performance, there were mixed reactions from the third party analysts. Kimi Ford was also not satisfied with the Nike’s analysis therefore she decided that it was necessary to develop her own discounted-cash-flow forecast. She found that Nike was overvalued at the discounted rate of 12% at its current share price of $42. 09. She also did a quick sensitivity analysis which revealed that Nike was undervalued at discounted rates below 11. 17%. In order for Kimi to make a proper investment decision for her Fund, she asked Joanna Cohen to calculate the cost of capital. However there were some problems. Cohen’s calculation of cost of capital. She used single cost of capital for the apparel and footwear lines assuming that they are sold through the same marketing and distribution channels and are often marketed in other collections of similar designs. WACC (Weighted Average Cost of Capital) WACC is calculated using weighted averages of debt (Kd) and equity (We) Cohen used Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to calculate WACC 0f 8. 4 % however, she used the book values yet weights should be based on the market value. Her result of $3,494. 5 for the Equity was wrong. The formula for calculating the Market value of equity is E = stock Price x Number of shares outstanding .

Explain what Hume means by saying that reason is and ought only to be Essay

Explain what Hume means by saying that reason is and ought only to be the slave of the passions, and why he thinks this is so. Is he right - Essay Example If reason can do anything, it is to do, as the passions of a person require him/her to do. According to Hume, whatever we do and act depends on our passions and not on the reason (Hume 1888). Hume does not mean that reason is aimless and does no job at all. Reason provides knowledge with which, passions and will get direction. Reason is there to guide us about how can we fulfil our passions (Hume 1888). Reason is only for judgement not for taking decisions. All the decisions are taken by passions of a human being and a human being acts according to his/her passions. According to Hume, reason cannot be only cause of any action of determination (Hume 1888). He also elaborates that reason is in position to combat with passion as it is enslaved by passions. The sentence, â€Å"reason is and ought to be the slave of the passions† means that reason is unable to become a cause of any action alone, it needs the companionship or in appropriate words, we can say, authority of passions with it to motivate an action. According to Hume, behind every action, there is a cause and effect theory and this theory only works when reason supports passion in motivating an action. In response to passion, there is an action, passion is the cause while action is the effect and reason is only there for helping with decision-making. Hume also negates the idea that reason plays any role in morality (Hume 1888). According to his ideology, a human being is activated only by means of his passions that keep a person in control and reason has no control over passions. Passions have enslaved reason and reason is employed to support passions (Hume 1888). Hume elaborates that immorality is not considered as immorality on the basis of reason but on the basis of our discontentment with an act (Hume 1888). According to Hume, passions have â€Å"original existence† (Hume 1888). Hume claims that reason is attached with ideas and copies of ideas are formed in mind while passions do not

Future of Natural Gas in the Mediterranean Basin Essay

Future of Natural Gas in the Mediterranean Basin - Essay Example Shale gas is obtained from shale, a sedimentary rock, and in the past decade has become an important source of natural gas in the United States and Canada. North Africa possesses massive oil and gas reserves, viewed as strategically vital because of their proximity to European consumers across the Mediterranean Sea. "In terms of natural gas reserves, Algeria, Libya and Egypt contain the majority of the regional resource, except that Algeria is the main site of the reserves. Algeria is the eighth largest country worldwide in terms of proven gas reserves. Algeria possesses the majority of the gas resource at around 159 trillion ft3, followed by Egypt with 58.5 trillion ft3and Libya at 54.38 trillion ft3. Proved gas reserves have grown significantly over the past decade, with the most significant new finds in Egypt. Egypt joined the ranks of LNG exporters in 2005" (Yamaguchi, 2009) These African countries have an edge over their Russian counterparts in terms of supplies of gas to these southern European countries. The Russian companies are far away from southern European countries as compared to these African countries. In future the supply from these African countries will continue to cater to the demand of the Mediterranean region. These African countries are also encouraging foreign investments in this sector. With demand in the southern European countries rising each year, more and more European companies are entering into collaborations with the North African companies in all the segments including upstream, midstream and downstream. With these investments, new gas field are being found, more pipelines are being constructed in the Mediterranean region. On combustion, natural gas produces less harmful gases as compared to the petroleum products. For this reason, the future demand for natural gas is increasing with every passing year. In the Mediterranean region as well, this demand is expected to grow in the coming years. Europe does not have reserves which can cater to its 100% demand. Hence southern European countries are dependent on North African countries for their gas requirement. In the last decade, shale gas has become an increasingly important source of natural gas in the United States and Canada. There are speculations that shale gas may be present in other parts of the world as well. Very recently, the United States has also offered to help other nations in determining whether they have natural gas resources trapped in shale rock. This is a good move from the Government of the United States but the whole process of finding out reserves, taking out gas from shale rocks, bringing this to market; all this will take time. The countries around the world are looking at this shale gas with suspect eyes because of the technology required to extract gas from rocks. Solar energy is increasingly becoming a big source of energy supply to the ever increasing demand for energy in the European countries. North African countries have huge deserted lands where huge solar plants can be installed and energy could be supplied to Mediterranean region. But the question is, is this feasible enough It has been proved that solar power is much costlier than the power

Commercial Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Commercial Law - Research Paper Example On the other hand, there are cases in United Kingdom and Singapore that similarly dealt with your situation. In view to this, the following discussion will deal on these cases, and ostensible authority in the United Kingdom to further your knowledge on your current situation. Facts As an overview, Cheng-Han Tan cited that the agency relationship occurs when a principal allows an agent to represent itself, wherein the agent also agrees with the representation. There is a mutual agreement between the principal and the agent in the agency relationship, even in instances that either one disclaims or does not pronounce the mutual agreement. Also, the agent can be given authority, which is granted by the principal to enter within a contract with a third party. However, if the contract entered by the agent with the third party is not authorised by the principal, then the principal is not committed to the contract. Moreover, ostensible authority appears only in specific circumstances. Ostens ible authority comes in view when the agent surpasses the authority given by the principal, when the agent is no longer recognised as an agent of the principal, or when a person, never been recognised as the agent is then permitted to be the agent.1 In addition, Steyn LJ cited that ostensible authority or apparent authority is used in two main parts. ... However, in this case, Mr Pierce Hawthorne is not recognised as an agent but only as a Finance Manager of Blogon Breweries Pty Ltd. In this manner, we can cite the similarities of Mr Hawthorne to Chia in the Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (Publ), Singapore Branch v Asia Pacific Breweries (Singapore) Pte Ltd and another appeal [2011] SGCA 22, where Chia was also a Finance Manager which has lesser authority when compared to the general manager. Also, Asia Breweries Limited (APBL) was a large corporation which has higher appointed officials. In the current case and the above statement may be supported with Armagas that ‘In the commonly encountered case, the ostensible authority is general in character, arising when the principal has placed the agent in a position, which in the outside world, is generally regarded as carrying authority to enter into transactions of the kind in question.3 In contrary to the First Energy (UK) Ltd v Hungarian International Bank, Ltd [1993] B.C.C. 53 3 (‘First Energy’), Mr Croft had negotiated and directly discussed with Mr Jamison who was the Senior Manager of Manchester office of HIB. He has ostensible authority because his position allowed him to ‘sanction large credit transactions together with another senior employee. Like many merchant banks and trading banks, HIB drew a distinction between internal authority to sanction a credit transaction and authority to sign a facility letter.’ As a support statement on the status of authority of Mr Hawthorne in the Blogon Breweries Pty Ltd, in the Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken AB (Publ), Singapore Branch v Asia Pacific Breweries (Singapore) Pte Ltd and another appeal [2011] SGCA 22, Chia as the Finance

Opportunity Analysis of New Business Venture 03068 Essay

Opportunity Analysis of New Business Venture 03068 - Essay Example Where there are many competitors also, it should be able to present the idea of the business venture in a way that uniquely identifies untapped opportunities on the market (Oladeji, 2008). This is the basis for the report, where a new business venture is being critiqued for its viability as an innovative business idea. This is being done with the opportunity analysis approach where a feasibility study is being performed in the areas of self-analysis, venture description, market research, industrial analysis, technical feasibility, financial feasibility, scenario versions, and scalability analysis (Mambula, 2002). Once these areas are analysed, it will be able to conclude on the feasibility of the business idea and how innovative it is to succeed on the saturated market. The entrepreneur is considered an important authority and stakeholder for the introduction of any new business idea that becomes the basis of a venture creation. This is because the ideologies, motivation, vision, and inspiration of doing business are mostly dependent on the entrepreneur and what he or she brings onboard the new venture (Schaper, 2002). What is more, there are some core entrepreneurial qualities and competences that have been considered critical for the overall management of the venture (McMillan & Naughton, 2012). Based on the entrepreneurial behaviour theory, there are three major human capital requirements that may be assessed from the entrepreneur leading the idea of starting the new venture. These are general human capital, entrepreneurship specific human capital, and venture specific human capital (World Bank, 2010). The general human capital includes such qualities and requirements as education, managerial human capital, capabilities, and demographic control variables (Charles, 2002). The entrepreneurship specific human capital also includes entrepreneurial

The Importance of Online Advertising to Hospitality and Tourism Research Proposal

The Importance of Online Advertising to Hospitality and Tourism - Research Proposal Example In what ways has the internet changed the hospitality industry? 2. What does a consumer find when they search for information regarding their travel needs? 3. What are the methods used for the hospitality industry to connect with consumers? 4. What methods used by the hospitality industry might be considered unethical when dealing with consumers searching the internet? 5. What disadvantages can be found for the consumer as they use the internet as a means to book their travel? 6. What are the advantages of the internet as a consumer looks to book travel? By using these questions to frame the inquiry, this research project will be able to focus on the internet as a source of advertising for the hospitality industry and the effect that it has had on consumer travel practices. 1.3 Theoretical Foundation The study that is being proposed is a quantitative study that is based upon a survey instrument. Quantitative study often begins by wanting to test a conceptual model of the question. Th eory allows for predictions on which phenomena will manifest (Polit and Beck 2008, p. 57). This study predicts that the outcome to the study will suggest that internet marketing is an important part of hospitality industry advertising and that consumers have changed their travel practices as a result. The following hypotheses will frame the inquiry that is intended for this paper: Hypothesis 1: The internet has changed the way in which the hospitality industry markets to consumers. Alternative Hypothesis 1: The internet has had no effect on the way in which the hospitality industry markets to consumers. Hypothesis 2: Internet advertising has changed the way in which consumers plan for holidays and travel.... This "The Importance of Online Advertising to Hospitality and Tourism" essay describes the benefits which the Internet brought into the sphere of hospitality's advertisement. The hospitality industry, like most industries, has been impacted by the tools that the internet provides for advertising. Online capacities for the hospitality industry do not only include advertising, but the potential for transactions making travel a more accessible experience. Advertising is highly competitive on the internet with someone always coming up with new ways to attract the attention of an audience that is deluged with information all coming at them at once. The hospitality industry benefits from everything from data mining techniques to websites providing specific information. Without a web based presence it is unlikely that a hospitality industry entity would have success in this globalised and interconnected world. The research questions that have been defined for this study discuss the various stakeholders in the hospitality industry and the impact that the internet advertising potentials have had on travel. The first question asks about the changes that have been made in relationship to the hospitality industry through internet advertising and will be answered through statistical inquiry as well as anecdotal information on the topic. Secondary research will provide answers as to how the hospitality industry is currently using the internet for expanding their opportunities with consumers.

The effects of illegal immigration in Britain and France Research Paper

The effects of illegal immigration in Britain and France - Research Paper Example There dozens of nations across the globe, which are known to have millions of people who have entered to them illegally.1 Most potential immigrants believe that the costs or risks of migrating to a different country are lower while compared to chances of migrating to them successfully. As a result, they regard the issue of immigration as being a better option to them. The benefits that immigrants take into account target improvements in living standards and income as well as to gain future permits to reside in the country legally. This is especially in cases where immigrants are offered with a path to citizenship or neutralization. However, there are certain costs that are associated with restrictions that are imposed to illegal immigrants in the host county. Some of these include abandoning their families, and abandoning their ways of life, as well as chances of being detained, an event which may result to sanctions.2 This paper will discuss the history of illegal migration to Britain and France, economic and social implications, as well as public policy changes that the two countries practice in orde r to curb the issue of illegal immigration. Since the beginning of 1945, the number of illegal immigrants to the UK has been rising at a substantial pace. This is especially with respect to the case of Ireland among other British Empire territories and colonies such as Bangladesh, India, the Caribbean, Pakistan, Kenya, South Africa, and Hong Kong. Other known immigrants into the country are those who come seeking for Asylum, especially those who act as refugees and other residents of European Union. Approximately half of the rise in population from 1991 to 2001 was as a result of foreign immigration.3 Today, it is not an easy task to identify the number of people who are living in Britain with appropriate authorization. In 2001, the Home Office undertook a census whereby it identified the

The reasons why UK (based in the borough of Ealing) residents travel Dissertation

The reasons why UK (based in the borough of Ealing) residents travel domestically versus internationally - Dissertation Example Whenever a person decides to leave his home to go on a journey somewhere for the sake of experiencing a change of scene, to explore a new environment, experience new cultures or on a religious pilgrimage, then that person is a tourist (Cooper, 2005, 4). From the foregoing, it is quite obvious that the idea of going on a tour is a conscious decision that goes together with planning before one embarks on the actual journey. It is interesting to find out what influences such a decision. Among the options open to any prospective tourist is whether to travel locally within one’s country or internationally. Knowledge of the factors that influence this decision is important to players in the tourism industry because they can influence these decisions during their tourism promotion (Cooper, 2005, 4). The importance of international tourism as an income generating activity for countries cannot be gainsaid. In 2008 international tourism worldwide garnered a colossal â‚ ¬ 642 billion raised by 922 million tourist arrivals. This was despite a drop of 2% in tourist travel worldwide in June 2008 due to the recession that hit the world at the time. This shows that this is quite an important sector that any particular country can only take for granted at its own peril (WTO, 2009, 14). Moreover, countries such as Egypt, Greece, Lebanon, Spain and Thailand depend to a great extent for their income on tourism. These countries have great long running histories with the pyramids and mummies in Egypt and the historical edifices and culture in Greece as examples. As for little island states like The Maldives, Bahamas, Fiji, Seychelles and Philippines, tourism is simply their lifeline (WTO, 2009, 15). In Borough of Ealing, in London Britain, just like in other places, tourism plays an important role in provision of Employment. If one takes the wider national setting, by 2010 the tourism industry in Britain had already employed 2.65 million persons in 200,000 different compan ies. 80% of these companies were Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) which were either directly owned by youths under 35 years or mostly employed the youth in that category (Tourism Alliance, 2011). Borough of Ealing is an administrative division to the west of the city of London. Though it has its own administrative system, it is still part of the larger London. Boroughs are administrative divisions within major cities so formed to make the administration of the wider city manageable and efficient (Heritage Dictionary, 2000, 142). Like other Boroughs, Ealing struggles to raise part of the revenue it uses for administrative, social welfare and development purposes. One of the sources of such revenue is of course local and incoming tourists. For the purposes of this paper, the focus is on tourism in Borough of Ealing in Britain in particular and the wider London and Britain in general. In Britain tourism is a very important sector with 14.1 million visitors arriving in 2009 alone and raising over â‚ ¬ 21 billion in revenue (WTO, 2009, 15). On average tourism generates â‚ ¬ 19 billion annually out of which â‚ ¬ 3.5 billion goes directly to the exchequer. In fact in 2009 Britain was the 7th most visited tourism destination. It was also the 3rd largest source of tourists in the world after Germany and the United States. Moreover, London was the second most visited city in the world coming second only to Paris, France (WTO,

Theme Park in China Essay Example for Free

Theme Park in China Essay Introduction There are a number of theme parks in China. Some of them are well designed and managed. Some are fairylands for the children, which have great fun playing in the fairy tale castles and the animal kingdoms with cartoon characters; The youngsters would like to experience the thrilled and exciting amusement ride. Meanwhile, the elderly like to take pleasure in the folk custom. However, though the market is believed to be big and potential, about 70% of the China’s 2500 amusement parks are losing money. Whom and why will run non-profitable business? Unlike residential developments, the restrictions imposed by the Chinese government to cool the hot property market do not apply to projects categorized as cultural or entertainment purposes. The loophole allows developers to buy land from the government often at a relatively low price to build a theme park and then erect adjoining apartments and hotels. To plug the loophole, Beijing authorities banned the construction of new theme parks over a certain size in August 2011. This measurement canceled many projects in the capital but not deterred most developers from continuing with their amusement park development plans. Actually, many investors do not concern on losing money when operating theme parks, since the sales of tickets and food make up only a very small percentage of their profits, a China Daily reports said. Furthermore, parks require a lot of funding and have high operating costs, so it can take a longer period of times for investors to regain their money. According to China Daily, many theme parks built in the early 2000s have been bankrupted, with the properties failing to sell at dozens of auctions over the past seven years. Amusement Park Industry Trend. Focusing on the theme park business, according to Chris Yoshii, an analyst for AECOM, told USA Today recently that almost a third of Chinas 2,500-plus theme parks have opened within the past two years, with the total number expected to surpass that of the U. S. by 2020. During the five years through 2012, the Amusement Park industry experienced rapid development, growing 14. 4% per year on average to an estimated $2. 3 billion in 2012. Chinas economy developed rapidly over this period, and household disposable income levels improved dramatically. As a result, the number of people paying for leisure activities increased significantly, resulting in strong visitor growth for this industry. The top four operators in China account for about 13. 6% of total revenue in 2012, and this share is expected to increase, as visitor numbers and gate receipts for the industrys largest amusement parks increase steadily. According to AECOM, a Hong Kong tourism consulting firm, theme parks in Asia sold a combined 103. 3 million tickets last year, one-third of the total in the world and second only to those sold in North America (127 million). Also, fewer new players will enter the industry due to its high and increasing barriers to entry. As a result, analysts are optimistic in this industry. It is forecasted that in the next five years, industry revenue is forecast to increase at an average annualized rate of 16. 7%. The increasing popularity of amusement parks was another industry driver. Since World Carnival entered the Chinese market in 2004, visiting amusement parks has become a popular way to spend time. The number of international visitors also rose significantly over the past five years, as Chinas popularity as a tourist destination has improved. According to 5u588. com, a Chinese tourism-industry information website, 70 tourism real estate projects have already been signed this year, with a total investment of 260 billion Yuan. That figure is expected to surpass 1 trillion Yuan by December 2012. Current Outstanding Theme Parks According to China Highlights website, there are top 7 theme parks in China. Here are the list and its brief notes: 1. Hong Kong Disneyland Park It is the newest Disneyland in the world at present, and one of two large theme parks in Hong Kong. There are four theme areas in the Hong Kong Disneyland Park: the Main Street, U. S. A. Adventure World, Fantastic World, and Tomorrow World. 2. Shenzhen Happy Valley There are nine theme sections in Shenzhen Happy Valley, including Spanish Plaza, Cartoon City, Adventure Mountain, Happy Time, Gold Mine Town, Shangri-la Forest, Hurricane Bay, Sunshine Coast, and Maya Water Park. Equipment and fun are unique in China and even in Asia, imported from the USA, Holland, and Germany, attracting numerous tourists to Shenzhen every year. 3. Beijing Happy Valley At present, Beijing Happy Valley occupies about 540,000 square meters. It offers a great opportunity to experience an ecological environment in Fiord Forest, the Mayan disaster in Lost Maya, a crystal city in Atlantis, ancient Greek myths in Aegean Harbor, a dream life in Shangri-La, and environmental protection consciousness in Ant Kingdom. 4. Shenzhen Window of the World Reproductions of the most famous of the worlds greatest wonders, historical heritage, and other interesting places there. At night, there are also many spectacular folk song and dance performances. 5. Cinemlong Happy World The vertical roller coaster there is the worlds best roller coaster. And the ten-looped roller coaster had gained a Guinness World Record. There are five theme sections in the park: the Habi Kingdom, the Screaming Zone, the Rainbow Bay, the Water Paradise, and a central square for shows. 6. Splendid China The 82 attractions have been reduced on a scale of 1:15 and located according to where they are in China. Splendid China is just like a giant map of China. These attractions can be divided into three categories: ancient architecture, landscapes, and folk culture. 7. China Folk Culture Village There are 25 ethnic villages set up on a scale of 1:1. It veritably shows local customs and folklore in China with ethnic performances, crafts shows, and regular large ethnic festivals, including: the Water Splashing Festival, the Shaman Festival, the Torch Festival, the Huaxia Great Cultural Temple Fair, and the Inner Mongolia Grassland Cultural Festival. Apart from Hong Kong Disneyland, all the above theme parks are managed by local Chinese. Another interesting finding is that five of them are located in Southern China. It is suggested that the weather and government authority did affect the location of an amusement park. Since the sub-tropical forest weather is good for amusement parks to raise up animals and could make visitors feel comfortable in winter times. Also, comparing to Beijing and Shanghai, Guangdong Province may not have as many as traditional site seeing spots for international visitors. Therefore, the government is generally accepted theme parks and believes it can boost the tourism. Forthcoming and Promising Players As we all know, Disneyland theme park will start its business in Shanghai 2015, with US3. 7bn investment. Furthermore, there are a number of theme park projects are being widely speculated. Firstly, news from BBC in August 2012, Dreamworks, the Hollywood studio production of Shrek, Kung Fu Panda and Madagascar, plans to invest US3bn to build â€Å"The Dream Center† in Shanghai in 2016. The main theme is about global cultural centre and the attraction point is the world’s largest Imax screen. Secondly, on the roof of the world, the Tibetan capital Lhasa is building its first theme park, to be opened in June 2013. This amusement parks core culture will be Oriental, ie. from the popular Chinese hero Monkey King to dinosaurs, to Mongolian warrior Genghis Khan. They believe it could help recoup their $472 million investment within six years, says Ding, an executive at Yu Gui Garden investment group. Local Fight Back Company owning â€Å"Happy Valley† theme parks is optimistic on strong and foreign amusement parks component in China. Believed this could cultivate a much bigger market in China. Similar to Japan, the Disney resort promoted the development of other local parks. Another example is the United States: before Disney set up its resorts, the country had only three parks that boasted more than one million visitors per year. After Disneyland opened, the number of overall visitors in the country quickly surged to more than 10 million annually. The same situation happened several years later in Hong Kong. When Walt Disney launched its third overseas theme park in the city in 2006, other amusement parks in Hong Kong, such as Ocean Park and the adjacent Shenzhen Happy Valley, all witnessed a rapid increase in annual revenue and number of visitors. Investment of 25 billion yuan is reportedly being put into the Shanghai Disney project, in comparison with the 2 billion yuan that invested in Shanghai Happy Valley in the first phase of construction work. The company has invested more than 16 billion yuan over the past 25 years to build theme parks. It has finished the first round of strategic theme park construction in Shenzhen, Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu, and has started the second round of park development in cities including Wuhan and Tianjin. It has received 164 million visitors to its theme parks, and has earned a total of 17 billion yuan so far. The company said they invest at least 30 million yuan in every theme park to develop new recreation projects every year. Expected the number of visitors to Happy Valley theme parks to surpass 20 million this year, with a growing trend to 30 million a year by 2020. China has a huge market for theme park operators. According to Wu Wenxue, vice-chairman of the China Tourism Association, over the next five years, the market demand for theme parks may surpass 10 billion yuan a year. Conclusion From my personal viewpoint, theme parks in China will be generally developed into two different main streams. Firstly, it is foreign and famous owned amusement parks, like Disneyland, World Carnival and Dreamworks†¦ etc. The second stream will be full of Chinese and Oriental cultures, which may aim to attract international visitors. Both streams are believed to be growing and promising. However, the key concern is safety. Since there are some fatal accident happened in local amusement parks every year, people may lose confidence in all amusement parks in China. The government body should put the focus on the quality issues ranging from equipment to food safety in the parks. Only quality assurance could allow the industry to develop continuously. References http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2010-11/22/content_11587814. htm http://usatoday30. usatoday. com/news/world/story/2012-06-26/china-disney-theme-parks/56019074/1 http://www. chinadaily. com. cn/business/2012-05/22/content_15354029. htm http://www. china. org. cn/travel/2010-03/08/content_19554338. htm http://www. worldpropertychannel. com/asia-pacific-vacation-news/china-theme-parks-china-association-of-amusement-parks-walt-disney-china-shanghai-amusement-parks-walt-disney-shanghai-shanghai-disney-resort-yu-gui-garden-investment-group-6013. php http://www. chinahighlights. com/travelguide/amusement-parks/ http://www. bbc. co. uk/news/business-19162780.

Tyson’s Marketing Move Essay Example for Free

Tyson’s Marketing Move Essay An article in the Australian (31 January 2007) entitled â€Å"Ethanol boom fuels food prices: Tyson† talks about the Tyson’s view on boosting ethanol production. Tyson, the leading producer of meat and poultry products calls the attention of the US government as to the increasing cost of corn feeds due to booming production of ethanol. This article illustrates how an issue can affect the marketing activities of companies. The marketing plans of a company are affected by a dynamic marketing environment.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The marketing environment of a company is composed of several forces. This includes competitive, economic, political, legal and regulatory, technological and socio-cultural forces (Pride Ferrell, 2006, p.8). These forces affect both the customers and the marketing mix of the company. Marketing mix is referred to as elements of marketing that will satisfy the customers. These elements are product, distribution, price and promotion. Product refers to a good, a service or an idea. Distribution deals with making the product conveniently available to the customers. The price variable relates to decisions and actions that will lead to determining product prices. Promotion refers to activities of the company that will inform customers about the organization and its products(Pride Ferrell, 2006, pp.6-7). A marketer mixes these elements and determines the right combination that will result to what customers would need and want. The Tyson-Ethanol article shows how the company used the booming ethanol issue as a marketing tool. The company president and chief executive gave the company’s stand on the food-vs-fuel debate by recognizing the effect of ethanol produced from corn crops to the global prices of food. By doing so, it is somehow promoting that Tyson wants its products to be affordable to the customers but because of this issue, prices may increase. This illustrates how economic and technological forces of the marketing environment can affect the element of pricing and promotion in the marketing mix.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   According to Pride and Ferrell (2006) the effect of the forces of the marketing environment on both the company and the customer can be dramatic and unpredictable. It can either be a problem for the marketers or a great opportunity to generate new products or new ways of getting the customer’s attention. Companies who are alert to changes in the marketing environment can capitalize on these issues. Marketers can readily adapt to these changes and use them as opportunities that will be beneficial to the company. As Borden (1984, p.9) said â€Å"the skillful marketer is one who is a perceptive and practical psychologist and sociologist, who has keen insight into individual and group behavior, who can foresee changes in behavior that develop in a dynamic world, who has creative ability for building well-knot programs because he has the capacity to visualize the probable response of consumers, trade and competitors to his moves.† The marketing team of Tyson, through this article, shows that they are aware of an issue that they foresee would affect their business. That then shows how they adapt and plan accordingly their next move. References: BORDEN, N H. 1984. The Concept of Marketing Mix. Journal of Advertising Research, vol. 2, p. 9. CAMERON, D. Ethanol boom fuels food prices: Tyson. 2007. The Australian, 31 January. PRIDE, W M, and O C. FERRELL. 2006. Foundations of Marketing. Boston: Houghton Mifflin College Division

Comparing Nuclear Energy To Other Energies Sources Environmental Sciences Essay

Comparing Nuclear Energy To Other Energies Sources Environmental Sciences Essay This report contains information on five different types of energy sources. It is a literature study that compares two renewable (solar and wind) sources and two non-renewable (coal and natural gas) sources to nuclear energy. The comparison is based on factors such as usage, cost (both capital costs and running costs), safety and stability, storage of waste and the impact on the environment. The sources are individually compared to nuclear energy. In the comparisons only the factors relevant to the two energy sources being compared at any given time are considered factors are not repeated in the comparison. It also looks at whether the medias portrayal of the dangers of nuclear energy is accurate or whether it overestimates the dangers involved in producing nuclear power. The aim of the report was to determine the viability of nuclear energy as a source of power to support electricity needs of the population in the future. This is a literature study addressing the portrayal of nuclear energy by the media and its viability as an energy source in comparison to other methods of generating electricity. The report compares Nuclear energy to energy generated by coal, natural gases, wind and the sun (i.e. solar energy). The energy types are individually compared to Nuclear energy. Each section highlights specific problems and advantages associated with Nuclear energy as it relates to the energy to which it is being compared. Factors taken into consideration include the costs involved with the various types of energy, how much it is being used globally, impact on the environment, storage of waste, safety and stability. The report was written to meet the requirements laid down by JSQ216, a second year engineering subject at the University of Pretoria. The report was completed by allocating each of the four group members a specific energy to research and compare to nuclear energy. The research was then completed by using journal articles, books, internet sites and approaching two engineers about the problem. The information was processed, the reliability of the sources assessed and a short portion of the report was generated by each group member. All four parts were then put together for the final report. Figure 1: Break down of solar energy[2]The sun has been around since the beginning of time but only recently has it been used as a source of renewable energy. Approximately 120000 TW of solar energy is absorbed by the Earths surface which is equal to 10000 times the total global demand for energy. Only 0.1% of this energy would be required to satisfy the worlds present consumption of fuels.[1] There are three main ways to harness the suns energy. These include solar cells which convert sunlight directly into electricity. Solar water heating where heat from the sun is used to heat water inside panels on roof tops. And lastly solar furnaces that make use of mirrors to concentrate the suns energy into a small space to produce high temperatures. As illustrated by figure 1. There are close to 440 nuclear power plants in the world today which supply 16% of the worlds energy demand, however only 1% is useable energy with the rest being nuclear waste. If 1% of the area where there is recoverable energy utilised solar energy devices all the worlds energy needs could be met with solar energy alone. If 10% of the area were to be utilised then in two years the electricity produced would be equal to all known reserves of fossil fuels.[1] Cost problems with solar energy are the high capital costs involved in the installation of solar panels which can be very expensive. The need to store energy because of solar availability due to factors such as time of day and weather conditions is also costly. Countries at higher altitudes with daily cloud cover will have an economic disadvantage due to long distance transfer of energy. Maintenance of panels also has to be considered. Nuclear energy is presently cheaper than solar power however the construction of the facilities and the disposal of radioactive waste is costly and can affect the environment.[3] Solar power is relatively safe to use as long as you do not look directly into the suns rays or come into contact with hot solar panels. In the case of nuclear power it is also safe to use as the nuclear reactors are equipped with redundant systems to make sure there is no nuclear meltdown. This makes it a very stable energy source. Nuclear energy starts to get more dangerous in the form of spent fuel rods and radioactive waste. Even though nuclear energy is reliable and stable as a whole, when something does go wrong it can become very serious and very dangerous. Solar energy does not have any form of waste as replaced panels and components can be reused or recycled. Nuclear energy has two types of waste products, the spent fuel rods which if not stored properly in pools of water to cool down could become very unstable. The other form is radioactive gasses and other waste products that if released into the atmosphere can pose various risks. Solar energy produces no waste or pollution. Waste from nuclear power must be sealed and stored underground for long periods of time. This waste must be kept safe from external factors and from human contact in order to prevent a threat. Such a threat is currently under way at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in Japan where a pool of spent fuel rods caught fire this year. Solar power is a renewable power source therefore it is environmentally friendly. It is silent and requires no fuel therefore there is no pollution. It even decreases the amount of harmful green house gasses. Although there are many advantages to solar energy there is still the fact that a large amount of panels is required to produce the needed electricity. This becomes very costly. It is reliable and has no risks that are associated with nuclear energy. Nuclear energy on the other hand is not a renewable source and if not handled in the correct way could impact the environment in a negative way. Even though it does not contribute to global warming like other fossil fuels, the waste gasses it does produce could potentially cause radioactive sicknesses and cancer in humans and other life forms. A summary of the advantages and disadvantages of solar and nuclear energy can be found in the tables below Table 1: Advantages of Solar and Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Renewable energy source Does not emit green house gasses Has no volatile waste Plenty of resources available Once panels are in place the energy is free Cheaper than solar power Table 2: Disadvantages of Solar and Nuclear Energy Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Does not work at night Radioactive waste Currently very expensive Long-term storage required for waste products Requires big fields in order to harvest a suitable amount of energy Some reactors produce plutonium which can be used to make nuclear weapons All around the world we require every energy source that we can get including nuclear. All energy sources have both pros and cons. Even though nuclear energy is portrayed as an unstable source of energy it is in fact one of the most reliable and stable types in the world today. The downside is in its waste that if treated incorrectly could land in the hands of terrorists. In the next 20 years there will be emerging economies throughout the globe that will require low cost, environmentally friendly alternative energy sources and Nuclear power is expected to satisfy this demand. Wind Energy Wind power is the generation of electricity through the use of wind to spin turbines, which in turn, convert the winds kinetic energy into electricity. [1] The process of using wind as a power source has been in use throughout history from around the 12th century where windmills were used to mill grain. [2] Wind power generation uses wind turbines to make electricity, wind mills for mechanical power and wind pumps for pumping water. [2] It is a renewable energy source that not many countries have attempted to develop. Wind Power Worldwide June 2010 [3] Country Capacity (MW) USA 36.3 China 33.8 Germany 26.4 Spain 19.5 India 12.1 Rest of the World 46.9 Total 175.00Table 3: Wind Power Worldwide June 2010 In June 2010, The World Wind Energy Association (WWEA) published that 5 countries alone accounted for approximately 73% of the worlds total wind energy production namely USA, China, Germany, Spain and India. [3] Figure 2: World Electricity Production 2008 On the other hand, nuclear energy production seems to be far more popular in a lot of countries with some countries such as the USA and France having no less than 104 and 59 nuclear reactors in operation respectively [4] in early 2010. A study done in 2008 to find the percentage of each type of energy that is globally produced showed that wind forms part of only 2.8% whereas nuclear energy accounts for 13.4% of the worlds total power. The main disadvantage of wind power is the unreliability of the wind itself. In most areas the winds strength is too low to spin a turbine. However, if wind energy were to be used in unison with solar and/or geothermal energy it could be developed into a stable and reliable source of power. The wind turbines themselves are quite safe with only a few reported cases worldwide of damaged blades caused by bad weather, none of which has resulted in any known injuries. [5] Nuclear reactor plants make use of radioactive materials to generate electricity. The idea that these materials could become unstable and get out of control is one of the main concerns (along with radiation poisoning) for countries producing nuclear energy. The Chernobyl nuclear disaster of 1986 lead to better, more efficient protocols being put into practice leaving most countries to believe that they are now better prepared to handle any destabilizing of the nuclear materials. [6] Nonetheless, wind energy remains theoretically a lot safer than nuclear plants even with all the safety precautions they take. The consequences are much higher for a nuclear disaster than for a wind turbine failure. Wind turbines do not emit any waste products as they do not burn any sort of fossil fuels or radioactive materials, so there is no concern over where to store or dispose of emissions safely- unlike nuclear energy. The radioactive materials (like Uranium and Plutonium) that are used up in nuclear power plants continue to produce dangerous radiation for thousands of years after they have been used up as a fuel for nuclear energy. The most effective way to store these depleted materials has not yet been found but for now they are being kept in underground storage pools where they will not be harmful to anybody. [7] The initial setups of both wind turbines and nuclear power plants are quite costly. But once built, wind turbines are cheaper to maintain than the power plants, but they are both relatively cheaper to maintain than their fossil fuel counterparts with the nuclear materials lasting a very long time and with wind being a free resource to be used. Environmental Impact: Both wind and nuclear energy as it is being produced, is friendly to the surrounding environment (except in the tragic case where radiation is leaked from the power plant). However, wind turbines do make more noise than the power plants which is disruptive to any locals staying near the turbines. [8] The amount of space that a wind turbine takes is less than that of an average nuclear power plant and the disruption to the environment during construction is worse for the power plants because they take so much longer to be built. [8] Coal Energy Coal, the most abundant and affordable of the fossil fuels (1), is a non-renewable energy source. It has been used as a source of energy for thousands of years and has numerous important uses such as in electricity generation, steel and cement manufacture, and industrial process heating. Coal often proves to be the only alternative when low-cost, cleaner energy sources are unable to meet the growing energy demand faced with today (1). Fossil fuels are formed from the organic remains of prehistoric plants and animals that have undergone changes due to heat and pressure over millions of years. The process is still taking place today but the rate of energy storage is small. The annual biomass production stored this way represents only around 0.001% of the current world energy use (2). Even though charcoal can be made artificially, it is not possible to produce it at the rate of consumption (3). Therefore, coal is regarded as a non-renewable energy source and is bound to get depleted. According to BPs (British Petroleum) Statistical Review of World Energy 2010, there is a estimated 826001 million tons of proven coal reserves worldwide, or 119 years reserves-to-production ratio(length of time that the remaining coal reserves would last if production were to continue at the previous years rate )(4). However, compared to other fossil fuels, coal reserves are the largest ones and are more evenly distributed worldwide. Nuclear energy is also a non-renewable source as it is reliant upon a finite source of fuel that can be exhausted. Although, the worlds known uranium resources increased by 15% in two years to 2007 owing to increased mineral exploration The uranium (and sometimes plutonium) used in nuclear power is a natural resource and is a common metal found in rocks all over the world. The World Nuclear Association suggested that there is approximately (13) 160 years of supply at todays rate of consumption. Coal is mainly used as a solid fuel to produce electricity and heat. The coal is usually pulverized and then combusted in a furnace with a boiler for the generation of electricity. The steam which results from the combustion is then used to spin turbines, which drives the generators thus creating electricity. When coal is heated at approximately 1000 degrees Celsius in an airless environment, Coke is produced. The Coke is then used is used to smelt iron ore for the production of steel. A by-product of this heating is Coal gas, which is a composition of methane and hydrogen, is produced. Coal gas was used for residential lighting and cooking in the 1940s; but it was very costly and so it was stopped. However, in recent times, these gasification processes are being developed to be more cost effective and so coal gas is often used as fuel for engines. Nuclear power plants create electricity through a process called fission in which subatomic particles called neutrons split uranium atoms, producing tremendous amounts of energy. The result of the fission of these large atoms is the creation of smaller atoms and radiation. The energy produced is then absorbed by water which heats it and so stream is produced. The steam is then used to spin turbines as in the case with coal power plants. According to the Key World Energy Statistics 2010 (5), 27% of the worldwide energy demand was fulfilled by coal in 2009.Coal was the second largest source of energy followed by Oil supplying 33.2%. China is a major producer with coal with coal always playing a dominant role in its primary energy consumption. China consumed a high 46,9% of the coal supplied and produced the most coal (45,6%) according to the BP Statistical World Energy Review 2010. World primary energy demand is expected to continue to grow steadily, as it has over the last two decades According to the International Energy Outlook 2010 (an assessment by the Energy Information Administration (EIA) of the outlook for international energy markets through 2035), world consumption of coal increases by 56% over the next two decades(6). Nuclear energy supplies the world 5.8% of the worlds consumption which is less than a quarter of what coal supplies. This is expected as there are only 442 operable nuclear power stations world-wide, the first one being created about 50 years ago which is relatively recent. The extraction of coal involves two types of mining: surface (strip) mining and underground mining. Surface mining involves the removal of coal deposits close to earths surface whereas underground mining is removing deposits found hundreds of meters below the earths surface. Underground mining accounts to approximately 60% of the worlds coal production (7) and requires the creation of shafts and tunnels that are dug in to the coal layers. There have been numerous tragic occurrences in the history of coal mining as it is a very risky business and devastating accidents occur in all countries that produce commercial quantities of this mineral. Most mining accidents occur as a result of cave-ins, methane explosions, mine wall failures, vehicle collisions or the flooding of the mine shafts. Also suffocation, gas poisoning, respiratory ailments (mainly Black Lung Disease) were common. Over 100,000 miners have dies over the past century in coal-mining accidents in the U.S (2nd largest producers of coal) only (8). However, most of these risks have been reduced in present-day mines owing to modern technology and health and safety acts setting stricter standards. Nevertheless, in lesser developed countries and some developing countries, continue to experience significant numbers of mining fatalities each year. The abundance of coal makes it easily accessible and the use of cheaper modes of transportation makes this resource an inexpensive form of energy when compared to energies such as solar, wind or hydro. It is also slightly cheaper than the costs involved in producing nuclear energy. When comparing the economics in producing energy from these two sources, it is important to consider several different types costs associated with both coal and nuclear energy. This includes costs associated with the fuel used in the production of energy which tend to be lower in a nuclear plant even though more intricate steps are involved in the production of the fuel assemblies used in the reactors. Transportation costs are, however, high for coal because a significantly large amount of coal is needed to generate the same energy as with the nuclear fuel. The capital costs are the costs associated with the initial construction of the plant and the modifications forms an important part when comparing the costs. For a nuclear plant, these costs are usually higher than for any other energy forms as the buildings used for containment or the safety-related equipment need to meet higher standards than those met by traditional coal plants. On the other hand, coal plants are required to include scrubbers to remove airborne pollutants as a result of the burning of the coal. Another consideration is the operation and maintenance costs involved. These are the costs involved in the day-to-day operation of the coal and nuclear plants. This includes labour costs, material costs, government fees and property taxes. It is found that the costs are very similar in both the plants. The costs associated with the by-product waste should also be taken into account. For a coal plants, this is the coal ash and for a nuclear plant, these costs include a charge levied by the government for ultimate storage of the high level waste. This charge is a flat fee based on energy use. The waste costs for nuclear energy is considerably higher than the costs for coal plants. Thus, the costs involved in producing coal and nuclear energy are roughly the same (9). The burning of coal is known to contribute to global warming, and is linked to environmental and health issues such as acid rain, smog and asthma owing to the particulate emissions that are emitted from power stations. According to the World Health Organisation, it is estimated that air pollution kills more than 2 million people annually (10). Coal is the largest contributor to the human-made increase of CO2, a greenhouse gas which causes global warming and climate change in the air (11). Strip mining causes large areas of land to be temporarily disturbed and this causes soil erosion and impacts on local biodiversity as after the land has been scraped and quarried for coal, it is usually abandoned. The waste after coal has been combusted is often disposed of in landfills or surface impoundments, which are lined with compacted clay soil and a plastic sheet. As rain filters through the toxic ash pits over years, the toxic metals are leached out into the local environment. Coal sludge i s the liquid coal waste generated by washing coal and is known to contain toxins, and so leaks or spills can pollute underground and surface waters. (12) Natural Gas Energy The Natural Gas used in power production is a colourless, odourless and tasteless gas made primarily of methane and other hydrocarbons (including ethane, propane, butanes and pentanes). It also contains carbon dioxide, helium, hydrogen sulphide and nitrogen, in smaller quantities. Natural gas is a molecular compound with Van Der Waal attraction between its molecules[1]. It has a boiling point of -161oC and is stable at a wide variety of temperatures and pressures[1]. Natural gas is transported in its liquid form as it taken up 600 times less space as a liquid than it does as a gas and weighs 55% less than the same volume of water. It is a result of the decomposition of plants and animals and is found in pockets beneath the earth and ocean. Natural gas is an important source of power in the modern world. According to Makogen (2010:49) if we were to use 17 to 20% of the worlds natural gas resources, we would be able to provide the world with energy for 200 years. Although it currently only accounts for 20% of the worlds energy, the demand is expected to increase substantially over the next 20 years. It is a cleaner fuel source than any other fossil fuel[2] emitting nearly no sulphur dioxide and far less carbon dioxide and NHx than either oil or coal. Natural gases can also be used in conjunction with other power generation methods, such as biomass[3], to produce energy which will change the amount of pollutants emitted. Nuclear stations do not produce the same pollutants as fossil fuels do but waste management remains the primary concern in nuclear technology. The waste products of a nuclear station are isotopes with extremely long half-lives. The storage of these waste products means creating a safe storage space that needs to last longer than all the human civilisations combined. There are three different levels of nuclear waste, high level, medium level and low level. Low level waste is not very dangerous and disposing of it is not a problem. The danger comes in with high level radioactive waste. The waste is encased in concrete drums and buried up to a kilometre and a half into the ground[5]. However, high level radioactive waste cannot be stored near any other high level radioactive waste as it will interact with the other waste. It is also important to find stable ground in which to store the waste, as concrete can crack and break in the event of an earthquake or tremor. South Africa is one of the safer places to store nuclear waste as it has a geologically stable countryside. Some areas, like the northern Karoo, have experienced about 30 000 years of stability. In between the removal of the waste from use and the final storage of the waste it needs to be left to soak in water for a period of time, to get rid of some of the residual radiation. In this time the fuel rods need to be safely guarded as the waste products are used in the creation of dirty bombs and nuclear bombs. A dirty bomb is a normal bomb containing high level radioactive waste and is detonated above a city, allowing the radioactive particles to contaminate the water supply in addition to other damage. [5]Plutonium, one of the waste products of a nuclear power station, is a primary component in atom bombs and the rods often have to be processed to remove all plutonium before they can be disposed. The use to which the waste products can be used also means that measures need to be taken in ensuring that any country with a nuclear power station does not use the waste in a nuclear weapons program. It also leaves a country more vulnerable to nuclear attack as should a dirty or atom bomb land near a nuclear station the products of the two would react with each other, compounding damage. The waste from a nuclear station can be greatly reduced by the correct management of the station but it still remains a serious threat. Cold fusion could theoretically produce energy without radioactive waste but experiments with cold fusion have produced very little energy, not even enough to power a light bulb. Cold fusion is also regarded as a scam by many scientists and has the same notoriety as perpetual motion and free energy in many scientific circles[9]. The level of efficiency of natural gas as a power source is, however, very much dependent on the technology used to produce the power. In a comparison of different technologies[4] it was found that Natural Gas combined cycle technology was the most efficient of the Natural Gas technologies. The technologies were compared based on efficiency, capital costs, maintenance costs, the service life and electricity costs (calculated based on the cost of the fuel, the maintenance costs, capital cost and service life). The capital costs of the combined cycle technology were just over à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬500 with an expected maintenance cost of less than à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬0.005 per kilo Watt hour and a service life of 20 years (i.e. the time the plant operates before equipment needs to be replaced.) A nuclear station has to replace its one third of its fuel rods annually[5] Comparatively, a nuclear stations capital costs are higher than any other fuel source[6] but they produce electricity at a very low cost which offsets the initial high cost. This can be seen in figure 2, below, which shows a comparison of the cost to generate energy for various technologies. The cost of power from a nuclear plant also tends to remain stable[7] even if the cost of uranium varies as up top 75% of the fuel cost in a nuclear plant is to cover the start-up cost. On the other hand, natural gas prices are very dependent on the supply and so prices tend to vary. Natural gas is also subject to carbon taxes in some countries because of its emissions, which reduces its cost efficiency. Figure 3: Cost of Energy Generation for Different Technologies Location also plays a very important role in determining whether or not natural gas or nuclear energy is the most efficient solution of a country. A country that is abundant in fossil fuels and does not pay carbon taxes would find that natural gas was a far more suitable technology. However, when it becomes necessary to import natural gases, the supply security of the plant becomes compromised and it Nuclear may be a more financially viable option. Both Nuclear and Natural Gas sources have the advantages of being able to supply on demand. Most renewable energy resources are offered on an as-available basis[8]. This means that you do not need to run a coal station alongside a nuclear station in case it does not produce enough energy to meet demand. Conclusion Media is incorrect in portrayal, too extreme but still not safe Waste disposal is dangerous, careful consideration as to storage facilities Safety, security Vulnerability to nuclear attack

Justice in the Legal System Essay -- Justice System Laws Crimes Essays

Justice in the Legal System Justice, as defined by Webster’s Dictionary is the quality of being fair or just. This implies that justice would have something to do with being fair. I thought that if one of the things the law and legal system are about is maintaining and promoting justice and a sense of fairness, they might not be doing such a great job. An eye for an eye is fair? No, that would be too easy, too black and white. I could cite several examples where I thought a judge’s or jury’s ruling was unfair, however I will not simply due to the fact that this is to be about what justice is to me and not what justice was to the particular courtroom situation. I actually do believe in our legal system and I believe in justice. I believe justice is the ideal that we as a society strive to achieve. The legal system, when looked at closely, is not just but judgment. You can be punished when found guilty in a number of way, but who knows if they are â€Å"fair† punishments, an example might be is it fair to the mother of a man who is sentenced to death for his crime or crimes when she herself did nothing wrong and was in fact, quite possibly, a model parent? Is it fair that a convicted murderer may serve 30 years in prison and walk out at the end of his sentence to live out the rest of his life while the victim will never take another breath or see their children or grandchildren live? It is all a matter of opinion, both personal and public. Why is justice import...

Eating Disorders and Female Athletes Essay examples -- Health Nutritio

Eating Disorders and Female Athletes What are eating disorders? Eating disorders are characterized by gross disturbances in eating behavior and include anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorders not otherwise specified(NOS), and binge eating disorder. Also, several researchers have coined the term anorexia athletics. Anorexia nervosa is characterized by refusal to maintain body weight over a minimum level considered normal for age and height, along with distorted body image, fear of fat and weight gain, and amenorrhea (absence of menstruation). Bulimia nervosa is characterized by binge eating followed by purging. These behaviors should occur at least twice a week for three months. Binge eating disorder typically occurs in patients who binge but do not purge. One must have bulimic episodes at least two days a week for six months but must not fit the criteria for bulimia nervosa. Eating disorders not otherwise specified (EDNOS) includes a wide array of eating disturbances that do not fall into the anorexia, bulimia, or binge eating diagnosis. Anorexia athletics features an intense fear of becoming fat even though one is at least 5 percent below the expected normal weight range. Also, excessive exercising, restrictive energy intake, use of laxatives or diuretics, as well as planned binge eating (eve n around training schedules) all classify anorexia athletics. (Sundgot-Borgen, 1994) Eating disorders in athletes do not fit neatly into anorexia nervosa or bulimia nervosa, but rather a combination of both. In athletes, anorexia nervosa may often present itself as over-exercising rather than undereating. In the athletic population, it is difficult to define weight a weight loss criteria for an eating disorder dia... ...sical Education, Recreation, and Dance, 58 (3) Su ndgot- Borgen, J. (1 994). Risk and Trigger Factors for the development of eating disorders in elite female athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exer,cise, 26(4). Sundgot-Borgen,J. (1994). Eating Disorders In Female Athletes. Sports Medicine, 17 (3) Warren, B.J., A.L. Stanton, & D.L. Blessing,. (1990) Disordered eating patterns in competitive female athletes. Intemational Joumal of Eating Disorders, 9(5) Weight, L. M. & T. D. Noakes. (1987) Is running an analog of anorexia? Medicine and Science in Sport and Exer-cise, 19(3) Williamson, D., R.G. Netemeyer, L.P. Jackman, D.A. Anderson, C.L. Funsch, & J.Y. Rabalais. (1 995). Structural Equation Modeling of Risk Factors for the Development of Eating Disorder Symptoms in Female Athletes, Intemational Joumal of Eating Disorders, 17(4)

Manipulation of Lyrics in Shakespeares As You Like It Essay -- Shakes

Manipulation of Lyrics in As You Like It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While it is a comedy of the turmoil of love and the experimentation with gender roles and identity, William Shakespeare's As you Like It is a historical preservation of Renaissance music. The play is fraught with spontaneous song and poetry, yet Shakespeare strategically manipulates these musical elements. Specifically, the lyrics and poetry of the play function to establish a soundtrack and a direct appeal to their Elizabethan audience, while providing Shakespeare with a valuable shorthand for character development.    It is necessary to understand that music in Shakespeare's time functions as a complete renovation of sound, voice, and function. Paul Brian emphasizes that "whereas the music of the middle ages is predominately sacred, there is a great flourishing of ideas dedicated to secular topics, predominantly love, in the 15th through early 17th centuries" (1). From this comment, we can understand that the demand for love music and poetry in Shakespeare's time is indeed influential on As You Like It's musical content. In addition, Mason proffers that "the chief glory of Elizabeth's age was [...] the development of its secular vocal music, which reached a high degree of artistry. It did so, of course, because Elizabethans received perhaps even more enjoyment from singing together socially then they did from singing psalms together in church" (3). In this development of secular music and emphasis on communal singing, the numerous musicians and singers who painfully extend Shakespeare's cast of ch aracters should be seen as symbols of music's booming popularity in the Elizabethan age.    In scenes of As You Like It, we can see the influence of communal music on... ... As You Like It chooses a few individuals to symbolize the importance of music to an entire society, whether it is the merrymakers of the Forest of Ardenne or the inhabitants of Renaissance England.    Works Cited Brian, Paul. "Renaissance Love Songs Study Guide". 6 June 1997. Online. http://www.wsu.edu/~brians/love-in-the-arts/renaissance.html. 7 November 2002. Elson, Louis C. Shakespeare in Music. Boston: LC Page & Company, 1900. Long, John H. Shakespeare's Use of Music. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 1955. Mason, Dorothy E. Music in Elizabethan England. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1958. Pattison, Bruce. Music and Poetry of the English Renaissance. (2nd ed). London: Methuen and Company, 1970. Seng, Peter J. The Vocal Songs in the Plays of Shakespeare: A Critical History. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967.   

How to be a Better Health Care Provider Essay

There are different ways to be a better health care provider. It takes practice to do so. Things like problems and communication barriers aren’t going to be the same with everybody. You have to know how to handle different situations with different types of people. When it comes to health care and taking care of patients, you have to do your best in everything to try and help the patient. If there are communication barriers, you have to work around those, find a way to communicate. There are different ways to be a better health care provider. It’s very important to be precise and explicit with your word choice. Your words can mean a lot to a patient so be careful with the words you choose. There can be different situations in health care, you have to know how to handle them all. Most of all you need to know the problem solving steps. You have to identify the problem, list all alternatives, name the consequences of the alternatives, and evaluate and choose the best course of action. You need to be very careful in what you do in situations. All of them won’t be easy, so you must be prepared for the worst at all times. In every health care place there is always team work and consensus. Team work is very important, because you need team work in order to take care of patients. It’s like if you were in sugary and there was one person doing it, that’s not how it works. Multiple people are in on that surgery helping the surgeon, and that’s not the only case it can be used. When a woman is giving birth, there are multiple people helping. No matter what you do in health care there will always be team work, so it’s important to know how to work with others, and handle different people, and personalities. Point is, in order to be a better health care provider you need to know a lot about working with people. It’s not going to be just you, it’s going to be you and a lot of other people. It can be hard, but you have to learn to cope, especially in a bad environment. It just takes practice and experience which you’ll get. One of the keys is being patient, so just be patient, have a good attitude, be helpful in team work situations, do your best to communicate when there are communication barriers, and you’ll be a better  health care provider before you know it.

Many devices are used in this poem to show the raw harsh night of November Essay

The first line is a simile ‘tinkles like ice’ the word ‘ice’ represents the harshness and how painful ice is. When we look at the form of the poem, we can see how the poet uses enjambment to continue in what’s being said. The line ‘tries the door, and sidles past’ gives of a feeling of terror as the poet has personified it and gives of an impression that a human is trying to enter the house. On the second stanza the word ‘gulp’ is used as onampatpia which is a sound technique. The line ‘Brown fuzz of cotton wool’ suggests its unclean and dirty because the ‘brown fuzz’ is pollution. The words ‘lamp fades’ suggests that the light cant be seen. On the third stanza ‘frost in my lungs is harsh as leaves’ implies the sharpness and how rough the lungs are. In addition, ‘harsh as leaves’ is a simile and the poet uses the simile to suggest how chilly the tonight was. It also is a strong simile that The line ‘scrape up on path’ suggests how cruel and harsh the night was. Many devices are used to show us how bitter the night was. On the last stanza the line ‘the worlds a bear shrugged in his den’ suggests he is experiencing the bear pit. Further more, the word ‘snug suggests the warmth inside; ‘snoring night’ is inside away from rest of the world while winter is outside. Inside all inviting but outside it’s harsh. The line ‘the fog unfolds its bitter scent’ suggests its comparing ice to fog and also its comparing the fog to the bad smell ‘chrysanthemums’

Legal Law Reform

It could be argued that both the international and the Australian domestic legal systems have both been effective in responding to the need for law reform in modern society. There are four key conditions that have been identified as influencing the need for change to law. Both the parliament through statute law and the courts through common law have important roles to play in bringing about effective change. One important condition that gives rise to law reform is the changing of social values. This means reforming laws to suit the changes in society. Social values are standards that guide people in the direction of wrong or right. The similar views society holds upon these standards is a reflection of public morality. Therefore, in order for the law to be abided and relevant to society it needs to reflect the social value of the people. An example of law reform in this area is seen amongst same-sex relationships. Changing social values led to same-sex couples being recognised as de facto relationships. This led to the Property (Relationships) Act 1984 (NSW). Therefore it is evident that the domestic legal system is effective in responding to changing social values. Another important condition that gives rise to law reform relates to new concepts of justice. As social values change, so does the idea of justice. New concepts of justice come in when the law is incapable of delivering just outcomes to individuals and the community. An example of law reform in this area is seen in the case of capital punishment. The concept of justice shifted from retribution (a life for a life) to rehabilitation. This comes to show the effectiveness of the domestic legal system in responding to concepts of justice. Law reform is also influenced by new technology. As technology advances, pressure is placed upon the need for the law to keep up. This is due to its continuous development. An example of law reform in this area is seen in the introduction of motor vehicles, where the law changed regarding safe driving and road safety rules. On a positive note, the introduction of DNA testing machines, have helped to solve many criminal matters. It is therefore seen that the domestic legal system if effective in keeping up with technological advancements. However, technology continues to advance and in order for the law to remain effective it needs to keep up with these changes. A fourth condition that gives rise to law reform is the failure of existing laws. If a law is not being effective, there is a need for law reform. In order for there to be a law reform, a current law must be broken. An example of law reform is this area is seen in the case of AVO’s. Prior to reform, stalking wasn’t a part of putting can AVO on someone. After a woman was killed because of being stalked, the law changed and stalking was added to the AVO. The two agencies that are most influential in carrying out law reform are the parliament and the courts. In relation to the parliament, statute law refers to laws passed in parliament. This entitles the state, territory and federal governments to all have the right to change the law. One example of recent law reform in relation to statute law in Australia, relates to ‘bikie gangs’ and making them illegal. These new laws provide police with powers to search ‘bikies’. It allows them to make court orders regarding the members that associate together. The courts are another important agency of law in Australia. Common law refers to laws passed by courts. The doctrine of precedent is utilised whereby judges must resolve disputes on the basis of decisions made in similar cases. This alone deems the law effective in providing equality to society. One recent example of common law in action relates to Christian Rossiter, a man with spastic quadriplegia after being hit by a car. He argued with the Supreme Court to allow him to refuse the food he is fed by his carer. In doing this, he agreed to understand the consequences of dying, but to Christian dying was better than staying alive in pain. The law reform commission (LRC) in both NSW and Australia plays an important role. The role of the LRC is to provide and improve access to justice, modernise and simplify the law, eliminate problems in the law, suggest new ways of administrating the law and providing justice and removing out dated and unnecessary laws. At the present time, the LRC is involved in many current projects which are helping in changing the law for the better. It is currently working on areas in bail, penalty notice offences, jury directions in criminal trials and people with cognitive and health problems in the criminal justice system. A case that determines a mechanism of law reform relates to Skye’s Law in NSW. This this case the existing law appeared to be failing. In December 2009 a 19-month-old baby, Skye Sassine was killed in a road rage accident. Police were on a high speed chase after two alleged robbers in Sydney’s southwest. The law which was put in place by the NSW cabinet stated that anyone who leads a high speed chase will face jail terms of up to five years. Therefore it can be seen that both statute law and common law have been effective in allowing the legal system to respond to the need for law to make the legal system function in a more effective manner.

Fashion in the sixties

Sylvia Ayton, a manner alumnus of the 1960ss one time said â€Å"Suddenly it was the lilting 1960ss ; it was the most exciting, fantastic and charming clip. To be a interior decorator so was fab. We kept our bandeaus but we abandoned our girdles, drawing on pantyhose changed our lives even more than the pill.† The 1960ss was a decennary of far making alteration and London was the Centre of it. Thankss to a convergence of music, movie, manner and societal alteration such as the civil rights motion, sexual release and feminism, the 1960ss became the decennary for the immature ; it was the clip of the Youthquake. Poster misss of the youthquake such as Jean Shrimpton, Twiggy and Penelope Tree were frequently on the screen of manner magazines such as Vogue. For manner interior decorators it was a clip of great alteration, they were able for the first clip to interrupt many manner traditions, mirroring the societal motions of the clip. Couturiers like Couregges and Yves Saint Lauren t were among the few that embraced the new age of design and started making vesture aimed at the young person instead than at their parents. They were besides among the first that experimented with stuffs such as PVC and shortening hemlines. In 1961 the LBD or small black frock which had become a genre in its ain right was reborn by Hubert de Givenchy when his design featured in the movie Breakfast in Tiffany’s. Givenchy designed the frock cognizing the wearer good ; he made the manner freshman and younger and in making so created an iconic manner minute. Audrey Hepburn’s elfin expressions and little figure contrasted aggressively with the smoldering gender of Anita Ekburg in her black frock in La Dolce Vita. Givenchy was expecting a manner to come. As was the interior decorator Andre Couregges, with a background in architecture one of his first inventions in the Sixties was the white LBD, which heralded the start of a new age of infinite consciousness. Couregges, along with interior decorator Paco Rabanne and Cardin were some of the first interior decorators to research ‘space age’ expressions and the usage of different engineerings and stuffs. In ’64 and as a direct influence of infini te travel the Parisian fashion designer Couregges launches his ‘space-age look’ which was both airy and vernal in cut and visual aspect. The interior decorator clothed his theoretical accounts ; caput to toe in shimmering white synthetics, – the coloring material, harmonizing to Couregges embodied the contemplation of white – adding the coloring material Ag which evoked the Moons contemplation. In add-on to these colorss he used splinters of Rhodid plastic plating, silver coloured spangles and vinyl phonograph record, in the spring of ’65 Couregges’ ‘moon girls’ stepped onto the catwalk for the first clip. The interior decorator combined short somewhat flared frocks with snow white wool coats, angular neckbands, futuristic spectacless, and unfastened toes white boots. This aggregation was made to be wearable and comfy for immature adult females ; he besides designed level white boots – which are now known universally as â €˜go-go’ boots – to guarantee easiness of motion. Paco Rabanne besides used his preparation in architecture to force manner engineering further, the interior decorator created sculptural frocks made from fictile phonograph record and metal ironss which frequently entailed utilizing plyerss instead than run uping acerate leafs during the building. This extremist experimentation was an progressively widespread characteristic of elect manner in the Sixties. Diana Vreeland was an of import figure in the Sixties ; she was unfastened to everything that was new, different and wild, therefore she was an devouring protagonist of Couregges ‘Space Age ‘movement. She became the editor of American Vogue in 1962 and was the ‘Original High Priestess of Fashion’ . Many influential interior decorators and editors to this twenty-four hours depict her as the biggest inspiration for their callings. Her words were powerful and influential ; she christened new tendencies and the people who made them with catchy headlines and metaphors. Her words such as ‘beautiful people’ and Youth quake’ sums up the creative, smart and rich plangency of the Sixties decennary. Her reaching in ’62 had been handily timed, with her infinite energy and genius for the extraordinary ; she non merely captured the kernel of the clip but shaped them – seting unconventional beauties like Twiggy and Cher on the forepart scre en, and having the Beatles and Mick Jagger on inside spreads, she turned Vogue into a magazine that no longer catered for merely society adult females. Vreeland besides changed the face of modern beauty, Jean Shrimpton and Penelope Tree were Vreeland misss and for the first clip, theoretical accounts were stars and stars like Audrey Hepburn were theoretical accounts. One of Vreeland misss, Jean Shrimpton was the first high-fashion theoretical account to besides be a popular cover girl, her freewheeling manner made it possible for a whole universe of misss her age to link with the elegant and expensive apparels she modelled. A alumnus of the Lucie Clayton College, she was foremost spotted by David Bailey. As a twosome the brace became emblems of London in the early Sixties. Bailey said ‘it’s about impossible to take a bad image of her and that even in her passport she looked a great beauty’ . Shrimpton was a family name by the clip she was twenty five, she is besides credited with altering the class of popular manner. The miniskirt may hold been born on the catwalk but Shrimpton’s visual aspect in a mini frock at the Melbourne Cup in Australia ensured that every adult female wanted one. Shrimpton was a totem for British manner. British Vogue said of the Sixties and Shrimpton that â€Å"the universe all of a sudden wante d to copy the manner [ Britain ] looks. In New York it’s the ‘London Look’ and in Paris it’s ‘le manner anglais† . One of the most celebrated faces of the Sixties was Lesley Hornby Aka Twiggy. As a teenage theoretical account she weighed merely six and a half rock, but her organic structure matched Diana Vreeland’s description of the perfect modern-day silhouette ‘the smallest calves ; the straightest legs ; bantam, narrow, lissome pess ; beautiful carpuss and throat’ . Her calling started as a happy accident, at 5†6 Twiggy had been told she was excessively short to go a theoretical account but after Leonard of Mayfair, protege of Vidal Sassoon cut her long hair into a pixie harvest for a promotional shoot, her calling all of a sudden rocketed. This transmutation twinned with the theoretical accounts ain manner of make-up which consisted of three braces of ciliums, painted dolly ciliums on her lower palpebra and bare lips earned her the rubric of ‘The Face of 66’ . Where Jean Shrimpton embodied the realistic side of the Sixties, Twiggy came to stand for the Youth temblor coevals. Across the H2O in America there was another Sixties icon, Penelope Tree. 1968 was the ‘Tree’s’ twelvemonth, and she changed the impression of beauty. Tree non merely challenged the conventions of beauty but besides her celebrated line of descent. Similarly to Twiggy, the Tree was created her ain image, frequently shaving her superciliums and attaching false ciliums on the bottom rims of her eyes, she didn’t fit an ideal. In 2008 she said, â€Å"I felt I was an foreigner so I didn’t see anything incorrect with looking like one, † Tree was besides portion of what a journalist in 1967 called modeling’s new â€Å"Personality Cult, † which valued qualities other than cuteness. Other iconic theoretical accounts such as Veruschka, who portrayed herself as an artistic Gypsy and the alien Donyale Luna, the first black theoretical account to be internationally successful were portion of this ‘cult’ . The Sixties was a disrupti ve decennary for the African American community, civil rights militants used noncompliance and non violent protest to convey about alteration. The federal authorities in America were able to do legislative headroom with enterprises such as the ‘Voting Rights Act of 1965’ and the ‘Civil Rights Act of 1968 ) . It was besides a clip where many leaders from the African American community rose to prominence including Martin Luther King Jr, Rosa Parks and Malcolm X. They risked and sometime lost their lives in the name of freedom and equality. Donyale Luna’s success as a theoretical account heralded a alteration in manners attitude to African Americans. The Sunday Times Magazine hailed her as the’completely New Image of the Negro adult female. Fashion finds itself in an instrumental place for altering history’ . Naomi Sims was another black theoretical account who paved the manner for many, after infinite rejections from bureaus, during the 60s her continuity led to major track and column success. In 68 she appeared on the front screen of ‘Ladies’ Home Journal and had a strong presence in the manner universe. The interior decorator Halston told The New York Times that Naomi was â€Å"the great embassador for all black people. She broke down all societal barriers.† One interior decorator in specific was a innovator for colored theoretical accounts, Yves Saint Laurent ; he was the first of all time haute couture interior decorator to utilize colored theoretical accounts in his track shows. Saint Laurent’s repute was built on his supreme tailoring ; he was the first to feminize the dinner jacket, with ‘Le Smoking’ in 1966. The interior decorator believed that the pant suit belied a sensuous muliebrity ; paired with stilettos and a felt hat the spare men’s orienting merely highlighted a woman’s figure. The timing of this new design was perfect: It appealed to the desires of the immature adult female who was merely deriving entree to deliver control, political power, and an executive calling. Saint Laurent power-dressing by a decennary, the suit became a symbol of success for calling adult females throughout the universe. Pierre Berge, friend and concern spouse of Saint Laurent one time said that whilst ‘Chan el gave adult females freedom, Yves Saint Laurent gave them power’ . He was besides renowned along with Couregges for open uping pret-a-porter. In 1966 Yves alongside his spouse Pierre Berges turned off from the couture workshops and towards the handiness of pret-a-porter and in ’67 they opened a dress shop called Rive Gauche in Paris. The Boutique sold Saint Laurent’s ready to have on aggregations and accessories like aroma, accoutrements and cosmetics. Besides in ’66 after a brief suspension due to the pirating of his design Couregges reopened his design house holding created a tiered manner system with three scopes, priced and manufactured on a sliding graduated table ; Couture Future, Prototype and Hyperbole. This system was intended as a mass-marketed pret-a-porter, with the integrating of off-the-rack into the manner system and the cultural alterations in the 2nd half of the 20Thursdaycentury, this theoretical account was adopted by couture houses t rying to last. Mary Quant was another interior decorator who shaped the manner people dressed in the 1960ss, in 1964 she was responsible for taking the London Look to America and was renowned for being the British interior decorator that made miniskirts the icon of the sixtiess. Quant’s miniskirts were a far call off from the architectural mini lengths of Couregges in Paris, she used easy jersey forms in vivacious colorss traveling off from the 1950ss pastels. Quant besides played with the proportions of authoritative manner garments ; scaling up cardigans and doing jerseies into frocks, she was besides the first interior decorator to level the barriers between twenty-four hours and eventide wear. Quant one time said that â€Å"clothes should accommodate themselves to the minute. Girls want apparels they can set on first thing and still experience good in at midnight.†( Boutique, A 60s Cultural Phenomenon, Marine Fogg) . Not merely was Mary Quant a polar influence to all female interi or decorators as an enterpriser and an indispensable subscriber to the youthquake motion she was an icon. She wore her ain designs and epitomised the ‘dolly bird’ image of the immature 1960ss miss and modelled the archetypical 1960s Vidal Sassoon bowl haircut that rapidly became synonymous with her vesture. Decision hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Penelope_Tree hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Jean_Shrimpton hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Twiggy hypertext transfer protocol: //www.cocoandcreme.com/2010/10/iconic-cover-girls/ hypertext transfer protocol: //www.vogue.com/voguepedia/Yves_Saint_Laurent_ ( Brand )